Other orientation is defined as the extent to which individuals are concerned with the welfare of others (Meglino & Korsgaard, 2007, p. 59). Other-oriented leaders focus their attention on organizational objectives coupled with a human resource emphasis, whereas rational self-interested leaders concern themselves with organizational objectives coupled with self-emphasis. This quantitative study examines philanthropian and servant leadership, which are other-oriented leadership approaches, and transactional leadership, which is a rational self-interested leadership approach, to determine the effectiveness of the approaches in the 21st century. This study further examines the results of a hermeneutic phenomenological study of philanthropian leadership that introduced a new other-oriented leadership model. This study focuses on leadership preferences of leaders, employees, and third-year undergraduate business students to determine if there is a significant difference between preferences among groups for other-oriented and rational self-interest-oriented leadership approaches.
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This hermeneutic phenomenological study explored leadership by means of accessing the lived experiences of leaders perceived as being philanthropian in bureaucratic, mechanistic organizations in Canada and the United States. Philanthropian leaders display the following characteristics: (a) love, (b) compassion, (c) caring, (d) altruism and (e) perceptive listening. The selection process relied on the criterion and snowball sampling techniques as means for choosing thirty participants for the in-depth interviews. After the transcription of the interviews, an analysis of the data occurred using Atlas.ti, a software program. Three themes emerged. These themes centered on the leaders' mindsets, leadership tools and the emergence of the philanthropian leadership phenomenon. The implication was that employees responded positively to attitudes and behaviors of leaders who acknowledged and emphasized the value of employees.